*Cellular respiration is a process where oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with organic compounds (most commonly glucose), and a process that disposes of carbon dioxide, water and energy. There are now four haploid daughter cells as a result from one diploid parent cell, all with various crossed-over segments of non-sister DNA and the process of meiosis is complete!ĬELLULAR RESPIRATION IN RELATION TO HOMEOSTASIS Meiosis I transitions into meiosis II by separating the sister chromatids into another pair for each haploid cell, therefore having four haploid cells created from the two haploids with replicated chromosomes. From this diploid parent cell, the homologous chromosomes separate into two haploid cells with replicated chromosomes-this is known as meiosis I. Metaphase I, Anaphase I and Telophase I follow, and they show the crossed-over homologous pairs transferring DNA segments and preparing for meiosis II. * Crossing over is the exchange of equivalent pieces of DNA by non-sister chromatids, and allows the chromosomes to look much more condensed in the process. From interphase, prophase I, along with the other mitotic phases (followed by roman numerals) takes place, only this time there has been an advancement-crossing over has to occur.
Meiosis begins in interphase, with one homologous pair of chromosomes (diploid) in the parent cell that is soon replicated to become a set of duplicated sister chromatids. Meiosis has the same phases as mitosis, but since there are two cycles within meiosis, there are also two phases of each individual mitotic phase. Much like mitosis, meiosis involves a replication of chromosomes right before the process takes place Meiosis differs, however, in that it has two cycles rather than one in order to divide into four haploid daughter cells (each with half the number of chromosomes as their parent.) Meiosis reduces the number of sets of chromosomes from two to one in these reproductive cells-from diploid to haploid sets. *Rather than how mitosis was used to replicate damaged or new cells, meiosis is used to form gametes, or reproductive cells. Nuclear envelopes develop from fragments of that of the parent’s cell Telophase is the phase where the two new daughter nuclei form in the cell By the end of this phase, both poles have an equal number of chromosomes Though the kinetochore microtubules shorten, the cell lengthens due to the elongating of the non-kinetochore tubules
The newly formed individual chromatids move to opposite poles of their previous sister Now each chromatid has become a fully developed and whole chromosome One key step of the initiation of anaphase is the cleaving of cohesin proteins-circular proteins lining the inner sides of the sister chromatids. ~Unlike metaphase, anaphase is the shortest phase within mitosis~ Centromeres of the chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate-an imaginary plate that is equidistant between the two poles-and all microtubules attach to the center of the kinetochores and microtubules of the opposite pole By now, centrosomes have fully formed at opposite poles of the cell ~Metaphase is the longest lasting phase within mitosis~ The microtubules still yet unattached to kinetochores interact with those of the opposite pole The chromosomes have become more condensed and have developed kinetochores at their centromeres Microtubules spread into the nuclear area Nuclear casing begins to fragment and thin Centrosomes spread across the cytoplasm, extending the spindle farther across the cell Microtubules and centrosomes in the cytoplasm form the mitotic spindle
Mitosis is divided into five essential phases that help the cell divide in specific sequence: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Mitosis is a process involving the division of the nucleus and the reproduction of two daughter cells from one parent cell (and that have the exact genetic material).